Organon 6th ed. - hardcover

From the Book

>Introduction to the
ORGANON OF THE MEDICAL ART
by Wenda Brewster O'Reilly, Ph.D.

Samuel Hahnemann was a physician, chemist, linguist, historian of medicine, and scientific revolutionary. Early in his career, he became so disillusioned with the state of medical practice that he stopped practicing medicine in the firm belief that the methods he was taught would do more harm than good. Instead he made his living translating medical and other texts.

While Hahnemann was translating the Scottish physican William Cullen's Materia Medica, specifically the section on the toxicology of Peruvian bark, he was struck by the similarity between the symptoms of poisoning from Peruvian bark (also known as cinchona, from which quinine is derived) and the symptoms of malaria against which it was used as a medicine.

It occurred to him that this similarity might not be coincidental, but rather it might be the very basis of the medicine's curative power.

Through numerous experiments conducted over several years, Hahnemann established that any medicine will cure a particular disease if it is capable of producing symptoms in healthy individuals which are similar to the totality of disease symptoms in the sick.

These experiments also led to Hahnemann's development of guidelines for medicinal experimentation, which include testing medicines only upon healthy individuals (to avoid confounding the action of the medicine with the symptoms of the disease), the use of small doses, and the testing of any medicine on both men and women and on people with various bodily constitutions in order to determine a medicine's full range of action.

Hahnemann's use of minute, potentized medicinal doses originally arose from his interest in reducing the adverse affects of medicines. He then discovered that by successively diluting and succussing a medicinal substance, not only were the adverse effects of the medicine diminished, but the inherent curative power of the substance was dramatically increased.

This led to his discovery that medicines and diseases act dynamically, not materially.

Hahnemann was a linguist of phenomenal ability. He spoke German, Latin, Greek and French fluently. At the age of twelve, he was given the responsibility of teaching other children Greek and Latin.

As an adult, he translated complex medical texts from English, French, Greek and Latin, and quoted from Hebrew and Aramaic texts in his teaching. In all, he was conversant in at least eleven languages. His multi-lingual ability was integrated with his equally complex and multi-faceted way of viewing the world.

While Hahnemann's view of health and disease was accessible to the most intuitive minds of his generation, they had little scientific basis for understanding why things worked as Hahnemann indicated.

Hahnemann himself attached little importance to understanding the 'why' of his discoveries, focusing instead on the 'what' and the 'how.' He constructed his philosophy and practice of medicine upon unbiased observation, pure experience, and unfettered deliberation.

It is only recently that we are beginning to formulate theoretical constructs that address the 'why.' Hahnemann's approach to medicine had little to do with the understanding of the world described by the Newtonian physics of his day; it is much more closely aligned with the currently unfolding world of post-quantum physics.

Hahnemann envisioned a holistic world in which the foot is not the man himself. He saw that individuals were neither jigsaw puzzles nor pieces in a larger puzzle, where the sum of all parts equals a whole.

Rather, he saw that parts of a larger whole holographically represent that whole; the whole and its parts form an indivisible unity.

Over the course of a sixty-year career, from 1783 when he stopped practicing the medicine of his day, until he died in 1843, Samuel Hahnemann developed the homeopathic mode of medical treatment, which was as different from the prevailing medical practice as day is to night.

Its basic premises were the use of similar medicines whose actions were fully known to the medical-art practitioner, the individualized treatment of a person's disease, the use of one single, simple medicine at a time to avoid the unpredictable effects of combining two or more drugs, and the use of potentized medicines whose ability to act dynamically upon the patient's life force was thereby greatly increased.

Another major achievement was Hahnemann's identification of miasms and his differentiation between the essential nature of a disease (its 'wesen') and the forms in which it manifests.

During his long professional career, Hahnemann condensed his precepts on the philosophy and practice of medicine and the maintenance of health into successive editions of the Organon of the Medical Art.

The first edition was published in 1810, and the sixth and final edition was completed in 1842, the year before he died (see Comments on the Text, p. 275). Hahnemann did not write the Organon only for medical pracitioners, in fact, he prescribed the Organon to patients.

The book itself is a remedy of the highest potency. Like other great works of art, it constantly reveals new marvels and mysteries, acting dynamically in relation to each reader, and acting differently with each reading.

This Translation and Adaptation of the ORGANON

Over the past few years, Steven Decker and I have worked closely together to bring Hahnemann's work of genius to light for modern readers.

His goal has been to provide the most accurate translation of Hahnemann's language and thought. Mine has been to adapt the translation in such a way as to make it as comprehensible and as accessible as possible.

Steven Decker's new translation of the Organon conveys more of Hahnemann's meaning than ever before, preserving the primary sense of his words as well as their imagery, color and texture.

He has brought to the translation not only his keen understanding of the German language of Hahnemann's time, but also of Hahnemann's underlying philosophy, which was shared to some extent by a few other writers and philosophers of his time. This small group (including his contemporaries, Johann Goethe and Samuel Taylor Coleridge) comprise the beginning of what may be referred to as a dynamic school of thought.

Steven Decker's translation (which will become available in computer format) includes two parts: an interlinear translation, in which an English word appears above each word of the original text; and a rendering of each of Hahnemann's sentences into an English sentence which follows as much as possible Hahnemann's original periodic sentence structure.

I have further adapted each sentence by placing Hahnemann's translated words into a modern English grammatical structure, often expanding his very condensed style of writing.

In addition, I have delineated the structure of the Organon by dividing it into chapters and sections, and I have interpreted the text in side-headings and editorial footnotes (indicated with an asterisk). A glossary and index have also been added.

The Glossary includes definitions of medical terms used in the Organon, as well as translation notes on specific words. Readers can now understand terms as Hahnemann meant them instead of having to guess which of an English word's several meanings was meant to apply.

Also found in the Glossary are definitions of concepts that are fundamental to an understanding of Hahnemann's mode of thought.

The Index allows readers to use the Organon as a reference work. It also organizes information on certain topics. For example, listed under 'Homeopathic treatment' readers will find every homeopathic use of a medicine or treatment discussed by Hahnemann in the Organon; under 'Definition of' readers will find Hahnemann's own definitions of terms in the text.

Steven Decker and I worked together to solve one of the prime difficulties in translating and adapting a text of such complexity as the Organon: the problem of consistency versus context.

At every turn, translators must choose between translating a particular word consistently throughout a text or translating it according to context. Previous translators have opted primarily for translation according to context.

However, one way in which readers come to understand Hahnemann's precise meaning is by seeing how he uses certain key words in various contexts. Steven and I approached this problem from different directions. Steven drew on a wide selection of English words to find the particular one that could span the various meanings of a given German word.

We then worked together to define key terms in the Glossary so that readers can fully understand the nuances to be associated with particular terms. In other words, through the Glossary definitions, we are giving readers the opportunity to assign the full meaning of a given German word to the English word being used to translate it.

One example is the use of 'malady' throughout the text. 'Malady' is being used to translate the German word Uebel, which has two meanings in German; it means both illness and evil. There is no word in English that immediately conveys both of these meanings to the reader. 'Malady' has been assigned the task of conveying both of these meanings and has been defined as such in the Glossary.

Another example is the word 'impinge,' translated from the German einwirken. Of its various possible definitions, 'impinge' has been assigned the particular definition: to have initial superficial contact with something, followed by a thrusting, driving or penetration into it.

Another frequently encountered problem in moving from one language to another is that different languages carry different ways of looking at something, conceptually dividing things into smaller or larger units.

Where one language may use several words, another may use only one. For example, English has the terms 'curing' and 'healing,' which originally had different meanings. 'Cure' referred to medical intervention while 'healing' referred to the human organism's own efforts to recover from disease or injury.

German, however, has only one term (Heil-) that covers both healing and cure, and which can refer to anything that is remedial or therapeutic.

Any such differences between Hahnemann's original terminology and the translation are presented in the Glossary. As a result, readers will be able to better know and understand what Hahnemann wrote and what he meant.

In some cases, linguistic differences between Hahnemann's German and modern English describe profound differences between his philosophy or world-view and that of most modern English-speaking readers.

The structure of Hahnemann's thought and writing in the Organon is functional, not linear. If one reads Hahnemann from a linear perspective, one misses half the story. Steven Decker's new translation, and his definition of key terms, bring these differences to light. Readers can come closer to seeing as Hahnemann saw and thinking as Hahnemann thought.

An example of this is found in the English word 'knowledge,' typically used to translate both of the German terms wissen and kennen, which describe fundamentally different types of knowledge and learning. Wissen describes intellectual knowledge gained from study, while kennen describes knowledge gained through participative experience.

In this translation and adaptation, the German terms have been translated with different English words.

As a multi-linguist, Hahnemann was profoundly aware that the name of something is not the thing itself.

He conveyed this to the reader by giving multifaceted definitions that play off one another and thereby maintain a vibrancy and dimensionality that is missing in fixed definitions. One way that he did this was by referring to something using two or more words, often rooted in different languages. This information is included in the Glossary.

Hahnemann's original text consisted of a preface, an introduction, and 291 numbered paragraphs of text. A synopsis of paragraphs served as the table of contents.

Hahnemann's Organon was consistent with the publishing standards of his day. The text in this edition has been formatted so that the reader may easily differentiate between Hahnemann's text and the editorial additions which have been made.

The main text is translated and adapted from Hahnemann's original, with the exception of text in square brackets, which are editorial clarifications. Hahnemann's German has been translated into English, using American English spelling. Where Hahnemann uses Latin, Greek or French, the text appears in the original language, followed by a translation in brackets. Hahnemann's footnotes are numbered.

Those in the Preface and Introduction are numbered sequentially. In the main text, a footnote's number coincides with that of the paragraph in which it appears. Hahnemann's notes to footnotes are indicated with a cross.
Most of the italics in the main text either represent Hahnemann's emphasis or his use of foreign words and phrases, such as similia similibus and contraria contrariis. In this edition, names of medicines and medicinal substances, whether Latin or common, appear in roman type, not italics.

Also, these names appear in lower case (contrary to the modern convention of capitalizing the names of homeopathic medicines) since Hahnemann uses the common and the Latin names both in reference to unpotentized substances as well as to potentized medicines.

I have been blessed with excellent help and advice throughout my three and a half years of work on this project. This is reflected throughout this adaptation of Hahnemann's work.

The many people who have contributed dynamically and materially to this endeavor will, I hope, recognize the value of all they did in the published result. I cannot adequately thank them. At the same time, I have made many choices which may differ from the choices others would have made in my place, and I take all responsibility for any resultant errors or shortcomings.

Many times throughout the project, I had hoped that if I stuck closely enough to Hahnemann's wording in a particular paragraph, all of his meaning would come through to the reader even if I did not fully understand it myself.

However, time after time I would do my best with a paragraph and then later come to a realization as to a fuller meaning. In every case, this led to my rewording the paragraph to bring that meaning into better focus.

I am keenly aware that there is more in the Organon to be discovered as we grow in our understanding, yet I continue to hope that this adaptation will serve to bring the reader very close to Hahnemann's brilliance of thought, to his unparalleled symphony of health and life that is the Organon of the Medical Art.

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Details

Organon of the Medical Art, by Samuel Hahnemann, edited and annotated by Wenda Brewster O'Reilly, was published in 1996. This work is based on Steven Decker's interlinear translation of the original German sixth edition of the Organon.

It is the most linguistically accurate translation and a guide to reveal new insights into Hahnemann's thought and enrich your understanding of his masterpiece.

"The Organon of the Medical Art is a must read for anyone who either gives or receives medical care."
- Roger Morrison, MD

"The best translation yet, and the most comprehensive and organized information about the Organon."
- George Vithoulkas.

Conventional Western Medicine, working from an allopathic basis, attempts to cure disease by opposing and suppressing its most obvious symptoms. Homeopathic medicine, however, treats the whole patient rather than isolated symptoms. Minute doses of medicines are used to combat disease by stimulating the patient's own life force.

Samuel Hahnemann, the visionary 19th century physician who founded this system of treatment, distilled his philosophy and practice into the Organon of Medical Art. Long recognized as one of the most important books ever written on the subject of health, disease, and medical care, the Organon has for many years been required reading for all serious students of homeopathy.

The wisdom of this seminal work is now available to contemporary readers as never before, in an English version edited and annotated by Wenda Brewster O'Reilly, based on a definitive new translation by Steven Decker.

O'Reilly has produced a version of the Organon that is faithful to the nuances of Hahnemann's thought yet infinitely more accessible to contemporary readers than were previous editions.

She has applied a system of chapters and sections to Hahnemann's text of numbered paragraphs, and her sidenotes, editor's footnotes, and glossary provide the context necessary for a true understanding of the author's meaning. Finally, the inclusion of an index vastly increases the volume's effectiveness as a reference tool.

With the publication of this new edition, the genius of Samuel Hahnemann is brought to light. Now practitioners and patients alike can come to a deep understanding of the revolutionary mode of medical care that is homeopathy.

Hahnemann's genius is timeless and his work is as relevant to all medical practices today as it was 200 years ago. Homeopathy stands firmly on his pillars of truth, which have been confirmed and potentized by daily experience.

From the Foreword by Jeremy Sherr,
Director of the Dynamis School of Homeopathy

"The Organon of the Medical Art is a must read for anyone who either gives or receives medical care."

- Roger Morrison, MD
Director: Hahnemann Medical Clinic
Author: Desktop Guide to Keynotes and Confirmatory Symptoms

"This new edition of the Organon has opened my heart to homeopathic philosophy.

"It shows that the Organon is written like the homeopathic method itself, with a firm view of the totality while giving full attention to every detail. O'Reilly and Decker have, in a scholarly manner, combined their homeopathic and translating abilities to create an inspiring new edition."
- Jean Pierre Jansen
Editor of Links

"The clarity and accuracy of this new adaptation of the Organon makes it a joy to use in teaching. O'Reilly and Decker have brought the book to life and have provided many of the answers we have been looking for."
- Julian Winston
Associate Director: Wellington College of Homeopathy
Editor: Homeopathy Today

See all editions of the Organon

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Heritage

The Organon

What can one say? The Organon developed slowly out of Hahnemann's thinking and experimentation.

It appeared 20 years after Hahnemann's seminal experiment with Cinchona, 14 years after his "Essay on a New Principle For Ascertaining The Curative Powers of Drugs, and Some Examination of the Previous Principles," and five years after his essay on "The Medicine of Experience," in Hufeland's Journal.

Written while he was living in Torgau, it is a masterful exercise in explaining the need for the system and then showing, step by step, how to use it.

The Greek word Organon denotes "an instrument for philosophical procedures or investigation," and Hahnemann's work certainly fulfilled that requirement.

Hahnemann's use of the title Organon certainly has classical roots. The Organon is the name given to the six logical treatises of Aristotle. Francis Bacon (1561 - 1626) called his work Novum Organum, (The New Organon) in the belief that he had discovered new principles of inductive logic.

Based on the example of these two previous works, Hahnemann called his work the Organon Der Rationallen Heilkunde - the Organon of Rational Healing. By the second edition, the title was changed to Organon Der Heilkunst - The Organon of the Medical Art.

The Organon went through six editions. The sixth edition was readied for printing in 1842, but Hahnemann died before it could be printed. In a letter written in 1842 he says, "After 18 months work I have just finished the sixth edition of my Organon which is the most complete existing edition of my book."

By March of 1843, a few months before his death, Hahnemann wrote,

It was never published. The exact details of the feud between Hahnemann and his ex-pupil Carl Trinks were never disclosed.

Melanie Hahnemann kept the manuscript and only made its presence known when several other versions were being claimed to be "the sixth." Melanie began negotiations for publication in Germany, but the Prussian/Austrian war in 1865 intervened.

In 1865 negotiations to obtain the book were conducted between Melanie and Hering, Lippe and Raue, but nothing materialized.

During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 - 71, all of Hahnemann's papers were moved from Paris to Westphalia and watched over by Melanie's adopted daughter who had married Karl Bonninghausen.

Carroll Dunham was negotiating for the purchase of the Organon in 1877, but he died before completing the process.

In 1877, Dr. Bayes, from the London School of Homeopathy, asked to publish the manuscript. Melanie said that she would be willing to supervise the translation so there could be "no malicious or deceptive alterations of the text," and she asked for a sum, the yearly interest of which would equal her yearly professional income.

The matter was then dropped.

In 1880, Dr. H.N. Guernsey met Madam Bonninghausen while in Europe and he attempted to raise $10,000 from the American homeopathic community for the purchase of the work, but funds were not forthcoming.

Just before the turn of the century, Dr. Richard Haehl contacted the Bonninghausen family, and Dr. William Boericke offered to buy the book were it ever available. Hahnemann's papers were again nearly lost during the military occupation of Westphalia during the period of 1914 - 18. Shortly after this, Haehl negotiated the purchase of the Organon from the Bonninghausen family.

Drs. William Boericke and James William Ward paid the $1,000 being asked, and Dr. Haehl brought the manuscript to the United States.

No French edition was ever found. The sixth edition finally appeared in print in Germany in 1921 and in the United States in 1922. The original manuscript now resides in the School of Medicine at the University of California in San Francisco.

From:
The Heritage of Homoeopathic Literature
copyright 2001 by Julian Winston
Reprinted with the permission of the author

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Author

Dr. Samuel Christian Frederic Hahnemann, M.D.

(1755 - 1843)

Samuel Hahnemann was the founder of Homoeopathy. He established the fundamental principles of the science and art of Homoeopathy.

He is called the Father of Experimental Pharmacology because he was the first physician to prepare medicines in a specialized way; proving them on healthy human beings, to determine how the medicines acted to cure diseases. Before Hahnemann, medicines were given on speculative indications, mainly on the basis of authority without experimental verification.

Hahnemann discovered the remedial powers of drugs and inert substances such as gold, platinum, silica, vegetable charcoal, lycopodium, etc. By preparing the medicines through potentization, these inert and insoluble substances became soluble in alcohol or water and were charged with medicinal force.

Dr. Hahnemann espoused the law of cure known as "Similia Similibus Curentur", or "Like Cures Like". This means that a remedy that produces symptoms in a healthy person will cure those same symptoms when manifested by a person in a diseased state. This law of cure has been verified by millions of homoeopaths all over the world since the time of Hahnemann.

Hahnemann discovered the primary and secondary actions of remedies. The primary action results from the first encounter between the vital force and the external agent, and the secondary action is a result of the vital force's reaction to the symptoms of that primary encounter. This discovery led him to the curative powers of poisonous substances.

Dr. Hahnemann described the different aspects of 'acute' and 'chronic' diseases. Acute diseases are transitory; they have a beginning and an end, whereas the chronic diseases are co-existent with life. Either they are present in a manifest or a latent state. From this work came the chronic miasms of Psora, Syphilis, and Sycosis.

Dr. Hahnemann was the progenitor of several modern medical approaches. Deeming the treatment of insane patients to be cruel and harmful, he advised a humane treatment for the insane. He cured many insane patients with homeopathy, and became famous for this success.

Dr. Hahnemann was quick to recognize poor hygiene as a contributory cause to the spread of disease. His success with cholera and typhoid fever was in part due to this recognition.

Hahnemann also emphasized the importance of nursing, diet, bed rest, and isolation of patients during epidemic diseases. Hahnemann described 'Noxious' principles as the precursors of certain disease states.

Hahnemann's three major publications illumine the development of homeopathy. In the 'Organon of Medicine' (revised six times), we see the fundamentals laid out.

'Materia Medica Pura' records the exact symptoms of the remedy provings. In his book, 'The Chronic Diseases, Their Peculiar Nature and Their Homoeopathic Cure', he showed us how the natural diseases become chronic in nature when suppressed by improper treatment.

Dr. Hahnemann treated thousands of difficult and chronic cases that defied the best care from allopaths all over Europe. Thus, he became so famous that physicians from Europe and America came to him for coaching in the new science and art of healing, called Homoeopathy.

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Contents

Foreword by Jeremy Sherr -- xii
Introduction by Wenda Brewster O'Reilly -- xv
Preface
Allopathy: The Old School of Medicine -- 2-3
Homeopathy -- 4-7
Introduction -- 8-59
Theoretical Systems of Medicine -- 8
The Old School's Material View of Disease -- 8-11
Old School Efforts to Remove Disease Matter -- 12-18
Diseases are Dynamic, Not Material -- 19-24
Allopathic Imitative and Suppressive Treatments -- 25-38
Antipathic Stimulating and Strengthening Treatments -- 39
Alternative Treatments of the Old School -- 40-42
Flaws in the Old School's Approach to Curing Disease -- 43
Compound Prescriptions -- 44-46
From Allopathy to Homeopathy -- 47
Traces of Homeopathy Found in Previous Practices -- 48-51
Homeopathic Folk Remedies -- 52-56
Past Writings on Homeopathic Cures -- 57-59
Chapter 1: Principles of Cure -- 60-117
The Highest Ideal of Cure -- 60
Causes of Disease -- 61
Definition of Disease and Cure -- 62
The Life Force in Health and Disease -- 63-71
The Power of Medicines to Cure -- 72
Similar, Dissimilar and Opposite Symptoms Produced by Medicines and Diseases -- 73-79
Dissimilar Diseases -- 80-88
Similar Diseases -- 89-93
Why Medicines are Better at Curing than are Natural Diseases -- 94-95
Homeopathic Versus Allopathic Medical Treatment -- 96
Antipathic Medical Treatment -- 97-105
Homeopathic Versus Antipathic Medical Treatment -- 106
Initial and Counter-Actions -- 106-108
Initial and Counter-Actions in Homeopathic Versus Antipathic Treatments -- 109-112
Summary of the Principles of Cure -- 113
What a Physician Needs to Know to Cure the Sick -- 114-117
Chapter II: Understanding Diseases -- 118-129
Definitions of Acute and Chronic Disease -- 118
Acute Diseases -- 118-119
Chronic and Other Protracted Diseases -- 120-129
Chapter III: Taking the Case -- 130-143
Individualizing the Examination of Each Case of Disease -- 130
Guidelines for Case-Taking -- 130-140
Uses of a Well-Taken Case -- 141-143
Chapter IV: Acquiring A Knowledge of Medicines -- 144-165
Provings -- 144-151
Guidelines for Conducting Provings -- 152-160
Compiling a True Materia Medica -- 161-165
Chapter V: Homeopathic Treatment of Diseases -- 166-189
The Power of Homeopathic Medicines to Cure Diseases -- 166-167
Distinguishing Between Minor Indispositions and More Serious Diseases -- 168
Strange, Rare and Peculiar Symptoms -- 169-170
Small Homeopathic Aggravations -- 171-172
Treating Diseases with and Inadequate Stock of Medicines -- 173-175
Treating Diseases with Too-Few Symptoms -- 176-179
Local Maladies: One-Sided Diseases with an External Main Symptom -- 180-189
Chapter VI: The Chronic Miasms -- 190-195
Syphilis, Sycosis, and Psora -- 190-191
How to Treat Chronic Miasmatic Diseases -- 192-195
Chapter VII: Mental and Emotional Diseases -- 196-207
The Mental and Emotional State: Chief Ingredient of All Diseases -- 196-197
Chronic One-Sided Mental and Emotional Diseases -- 198-199
Acute Flare-Ups of Psora -- 200-201
Differentiating Between Different Kinds of Mental and Emotional Diseases -- 202
Emotional Diseases Spun and Maintained by the Soul -- 202
Behavior Towards Patients -- 203-204
Success of Homeopathic Treatment -- 205-207
Chapter VIII: Intermittent Diseases -- 208-217
Diseases that Recur at Definite and Indefinite Intervals -- 208
Intermittent Fevers -- 209-217
Chapter IX: Case Management -- 218-231
Medical Treatment and Regimen -- 218
Fifty-Millesimal (LM) Potency Medicines -- 218-221
What To Do When a Medicine Does Not Work -- 222-223
Determining Whether a Case is Getting Better or Worse -- 224-225
One Should Neither Favor Certain Medicines Nor Avoid Others -- 226
Recommended Regimen for Chronic Diseases -- 227-231
Chapter X: Preparation of Medicines -- 232-245
Preparation and Administration of Medicines by the Physician -- 232
Preparation of Substances for Medical Use -- 232-234
Potentization of Substances -- 235-241
Preparation of Potentized Medicines Directly from Fresh Plants -- 242-245
Chapter XI: Administration of Medicines -- 246-257
Administration of Single, Simple Medicines -- 246-247
Relationship Between the Size of Dose, The Homeopathicity of a Medicine and the Risk or Benefit to the Patient -- 248-249
How to Choose the Best Size of Dose -- 250
Treatment with Fifty-Millesimal Potencies -- 251-253
Alternative Methods for Administering Medicines -- 254-257
Chapter XII: Other Therapeutic Approaches -- 258-262
The Dynamic Power of Magnets, Electricity and Galvanism -- 258
Mesmerism -- 258-261
Baths of Pure Water -- 262
Synopsis -- 263-274
Comments on the Text -- 275-280
Glossary -- 281-366
References -- 367
Index -- 368-407

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